Bitcoin Solaris Implements Revolutionary Merkle-DAG Structure, Solving Avalanche’s Byzantine Fault Tolerance Limitations

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Bitcoin Solaris Implements Revolutionary Merkle-DAG Structure, Solving Avalanches Byzantine Fault Tolerance Limitations

Avalanche introduced a breakthrough in consensus design by using repeated sub-sampled voting to reach probabilistic consensus. While the approach enabled scalable throughput, it introduced trade-offs in fault tolerance, particularly under adversarial conditions and high validator churn. Bitcoin Solaris addresses those limitations with a fundamentally different design: a Merkle-DAG structure that preserves ordering integrity and enhances Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) across its entire validator set.

Instead of relying on repeated message propagation or randomized polling, Bitcoin Solaris uses cryptographic linkages across state changes to enforce consistency, determinism, and conflict resolution without requiring global coordination. This model increases throughput and finality speed and improves resistance against long-range attacks and inconsistent state propagation — key weaknesses in Avalanches design when applied to permissionless environments.

Merkle-DAG Integration Across the Dual-Layer Architecture

The innovation lies in how the Merkle-DAG is implemented across Bitcoin Solariss dual-layer blockchain, where each layer maintains autonomy while contributing to network-wide consensus:

• The Base Layer, secured by Proof-of-Stake (PoS) and Proof-of-Capacity (PoC), uses Merkle-based confirmations to structure block history and enforce ledger immutability. Every blocks position is cryptographically verifiable through hash-linked ancestry.
• The Solaris Layer, powered by Proof-of-History (PoH) and Proof-of-Time (PoT), applies Merkle-DAG logic to execution ordering and transaction state transitions. This enables high-speed consensus with 10,000+ TPS and 2-second finality, while ensuring every transaction has a deterministic position in the networks global state.

Unlike Avalanche‘s DAG-based consensus, where conflicting transactions may require multiple rounds of probabilistic resolution, Bitcoin Solaris’s Merkle-DAG model defines absolute order. This ensures state determinism even during validator faults or latency spikes — eliminating ambiguity and reorg risks.

Enhanced Byzantine Fault Tolerance Through Structural Verification

Avalanches consensus reaches finality when enough nodes agree probabilistically that a transaction is accepted. However, this model becomes vulnerable when validator identities change frequently or malicious participants intentionally delay propagation. Bitcoin Solaris resolves this by embedding Merkle-root checkpoints directly into block headers, providing cryptographic proof of network-wide state without repeated polling.

This structure supports stronger BFT by making it computationally infeasible for a faulty subset of validators to rewrite history or produce inconsistent forks. Validators reach consensus by verifying Merkle proofs and synchronized time stamps, not by polling neighbors repeatedly—a model that lowers latency and increases resistance to asynchronous faults.

This architecture maintains fault tolerance even when up to one-third of nodes behave maliciously while reducing coordination load and improving validator independence—two areas where Avalanches design introduces complexity.

. The video highlights fault tolerance thresholds, validator independence, and the systems ability to maintain consensus under pressure.

Presale Phase 3: Structured Entry Ahead of Infrastructure Expansion

Bitcoin Solaris is currently in Presale Phase 3, with BTC-S tokens priced at $3 USDT. This phase offers access ahead of Merkle-DAG protocol activation across the full validator network before centralized exchange listings.

The BTC-S supply is fixed at 21 million tokens, with 4.2 million (20%) allocated for presale across all phases. There is no inflation, and token emissions are tied directly to protocol-defined mining and validator participation. This structure rewards early participants before infrastructure scaling increases demand and network complexity.

Third-Party Audits Reinforce Merkle-DAG Security

Bitcoin Solaris has undergone full protocol audits to validate its unique structural approach:

These audits validate that the Merkle-DAG implementation not only meets performance targets but also enforces Byzantine resilience and verifiable state propagation under real-world conditions.

Avalanches DAG model showed that blockchain consensus could scale — but Bitcoin Solaris proves it can scale deterministically and securely. By embedding the Merkle-DAG structure across a layered validator system, it solves key limitations in BFT enforcement and state finality. As Phase 3 of the presale continues and Merkle-DAG logic expands across the protocol, Bitcoin Solaris is setting a new standard in consensus precision, resilience, and architectural clarity.